Sometimes during pregnancy, the baby’s abdominal wall does not close at the umbilicus. The intestine remains outside the abdomen in a sac. This is called an omphalocele, which is an abdominal wall defect. An omphalocele can be small, containing parts of the intestine, or larger containing parts of the liver and other organs. (See image)
The cause of an omphalocele is not known. It is congenital meaning it happens before your baby is born. Omphalocele develops in 1 in about every 5,000 live births. Approximately 25-40 percent of infants with an omphalocele have other birth defects such as genetic problems and heart defects. Many babies with omphalocele have an underlying genetic disorder. The survival rate for babies with omphalocele depends on the size of the defect, whether the baby is born premature, sac ruptures or if there are other problems.
Some babies born with omphalocele also has a condition called Beckwith-Wiedeman Syndrome (BWS). BWS is a condition where the baby has a large tongue, (macroglossia), which may interfere with breathing, swallowing, and speaking. Other problems with BWS include large abdominal organs (visceromegaly), low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) and kidney abnormalities.
(Omphalocele) may be found during routine prenatal ultrasound. If your doctor suspects a problem, additional tests may be ordered. These may include:
Other Tests
Some congenital conditions are because of changes in DNA, or a baby’s genetic make-up. The doctors may suggest genetic testing to find out more about your baby’s DNA.
If a test finds you are carrying a baby with omphalocele, you will continue to receive care from your obstetrician. Your obstetrician may refer you to the Ohio Fetal Medicine Collaborative (OFMC), which will help you connect with a team of fetal medicine experts.
There, you will meet with a multidisciplinary team including neonatologists (doctors who specialize in treating newborns), pediatric surgeon (doctors who perform surgery), and nurses to learn more about your baby’s care after he or she is born. Nurse coordinators will help answer your questions and concerns, guide you through your pregnancy, and prepare you for what to expect.
Your doctor will watch your pregnancy closely. You will deliver your baby at a hospital that is ready to care for high risk babies like yours. You should discuss your plans for labor and delivery with your obstetrician. Contact your doctor right away if you have any concerns.
At the delivery hospital, a neonatologist (a doctor who specializes in treating newborns) will manage the care of your baby. The neonatologist will assess your baby’s breathing and heart rate and examine the baby for other problems.
Once your baby has been admitted to the NICU, the pediatric surgery team will evaluate the omphalocele and decide on which surgical approach would be best. The goal of surgery is to place the abdominal organs back into the baby’s body and repair the defect in the wall of the belly.
Primary Repair
Babies born with a small omphalocele will have surgery a couple days after birth. The surgeon places the organs that are inside the omphalocele back into the abdomen. The muscle and skin are closed. If a baby has a large omphalocele and small abdomen, the abdominal muscle cannot be sewn together. Instead, the hole in the muscle is covered with Gore-Tex (an absorbable material) and the skin is closed over it.
Staged Repair
If the baby has a large omphalocele the surgery may be done in stages. The omphalocele sac is removed and a surgical pouch called a silo is placed around the intestines and liver. It is suspended over the baby. Slowly, over time, the intestines and liver are pushed back into the abdomen. This can take a few days or weeks. Surgery will be done right away if the sac breaks. When the intestines and liver can comfortably fit within the abdominal cavity, the silo is removed and the hole in the abdomen is closed.
Sometimes the omphalocele is so large that the organs cannot be placed back inside the baby’s abdomen. In this situation the surgeon feels it is best to wait until the child is older to repair the omphalocele. During this stage you will take your baby home and have close follow up with the pediatric surgeon. Every day the omphalocele is wrapped. The wrap will apply pressure over the sac so that the omphalocele is reduced in size. Eventually skin will grow and cover around the omphalocele.
After surgery, your baby will receive care in the hospital’s NICU. Your baby will need to be on a breathing machine until he or she is fully recovered from surgery. Other treatments your baby will probably need after surgery are:
Feeding
Feedings are started once the intestines are fully healed after surgery. When it is time to feed your baby his or her first bottle, the NG or OG tube will be removed. Your baby will be started off with small amounts of formula or breast milk, and the amount will be increased gradually over time. When your baby is taking enough formula or breast milk to grow and gain weight, the IV will be removed.
Complications
Discharge Planning
You will be able to take your baby home once he or she is taking enough formula or breast milk to grow and gain weight. The total length of time your baby will stay in the hospital will vary. It will depend on whether your baby is born with other health issues. The average length of hospital stay is 6 to 8 weeks. A few babies will do especially well and go home earlier.
Your baby will need regular follow-up appointments to measure growth, development, and nutrition. You will want to find a local pediatrician to take care of routine checkups, immunizations, and doctor’s visits. The program coordinator can help you if needed. The pediatric surgeon will follow up with your baby’s surgical needs for as long as necessary.
American Pediatric Surgical Association
www.eapsa.org/parents/resources
National Organization of Rare Diseases
https://rarediseases.org/